Identify the following
01. Judith & Holofernes
page 547
Holofernes was the commander of the attacking Assyrian army who laid siege to the city of Bethulia. Judith was the daughter of the Israelite king Maccabees who was very beautiful and charming.
According to the Book of Judith, Judith went forth to the tent of Holofernes and after he was made drunk, "... alone with him and before striking him, Judith prays to Yahweh, saying: 'Give me strength this day, O Lord God of Israel!'" (Judith 13:7).
This was important in history as this same act was attempted by Hille Feiken who attempted to kill Bishop Franz Von Waldeck near the city of Munster, Germany on 16 JUN 1534. Pope John Paul II also identifies this as a significant event of Woman's indispensable role in Salvation History.
02. Anabaptists
page 561
First seen in Zurich around 1529 about the same time Zwingli was challenging the Roman Catholic Church. This group of middle and lower class artisans and merchants.
These lay people renounced infant baptism and all authority. They considered themselves true Christians unblemished by sin.
Members of this 16th century reformation group who believed that to attain salvation one must be re-baptized. They would then become "saintly". Many women anabaptists were drowned for their faith as men were decapitated.
03. Erasmus
page 550
This Humanist gained widespread fame across Europe through his books and letters. The invention of the printing press led to his quick fame.
Best known for his satire "The Praise of Folly" which first appeared in 1509. This manuscript was dedicated to his dear friend, Thomas More.
Eventually his writings were condemned by the Catholic Church as Heresy.
04. Reformation
Chapter 15
The need for the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church to re-evaluate it's principals and practices cause a schism in the religion in the 16th century.
Abuse of power and influence by the clergy and the secular leaders lay the foundation for people like Erasmus, More, and Luther to criticize the powers that be.
These beliefs and opinions, accelerated by the printing press, incited many wars which defined the century causing much bloodshed in the name of God.
05. Thomas More
page 551
Author of Utopia in 1516, he describe the perfect society.
In contrast to Europe in the early 16th century, he wrote of a society devoid of poverty, and war. Politics, property and war is what he believed was the framework for human misery and suffering.
More, like Erasmus, was a humanist.
06. De fenestration of Prague
page 581
In the royal castle in Prague, on 23 MAY 1618, a crowd of angry protestants threw two deputies from the Roman Catholic Church out the window.
One of the rebels was heard saying, "We will see if your Mary can help you!". Ironically, neither of them died from the fall.
It was incidents like this which led to the onset of the Thirty Years War.
07. Martin Luther
page 552-556
Martin Luther was born the son of a miner and entrepreneur in 1483. He later entered the Monastery and abandoned his study of Law.
As a theologian, he constantly questioned the Roman Catholic Church and Pope Leo X in his "Freedom of a Christian" He believed that the numerous rites, rituals and "good works" were useless.
Luther was later declared a heretic by the Catholic Church. However, he was considered a Saint by the Humanists. Luther is most likely the founder of modern Protestantism.
08. Thirty Years War
page 591-595
Beginning in 1618, many countries in Europe became overwhelmed by war over religion. Countries were divided between loyalty between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation. Armies were raised and bureaucracies were forged.
Cardinal Richelieu of France led a unified French Catholic and Swedish Lutheran force against the Spanish Catholic Habsburgs, thus preventing Spanish intervention in war against France. This proved that the interest of the State outweighed the interests of the Church.
The war ended in 1648 in the German province of Westphalia. France replaced Spain as the dominant world power.
09. The Frozen Thames
page 600-601
Depicted in a painting by Abraham Hondius in 1677, The Thames River in London, England froze many times during the 1670's and 1689's as a result of global cooling. Glaciers advanced and retreated from 1600 to 1850 thus shaping the land and causing a "Little Ice Age".
Canals froze which put an economic strain on the markets that were supplied by them. Population decreased as a result of low crop production.
Recent tree ring studies have shown that 4 of the 5 coldest summers in the past 400 years were all in the 1600's
10. El Greco
page 607
Born of Greek descent, trained in Italy and moved to Spain in 1570, he earned the name "El Greco", or The Greek.
He was manneristic painter who showed that faith and politics still influenced art in many artists.
Being the most famous of manneristic painters of the time, he painted "The Dream of Phillip II" in 1577.
11. Copernicus
page 611-612
Polish clergyman, Nikolaus Copernicus published his treatise, "On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres". His view attacked Ptolemy claim that the Earth was the center of the universe. His argument later became known as heliocentrism which claims that the sun is the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies in orbit around the sun in a series of concentric circles.
Copernicus died in 1543 shortly after he published his works.
His theories paved the way for Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Sir Isaac Newton.
12. Trial of Galileo
page 612-614
Galileo Galilei accepted the view of Nikolaus Copernicus and like Tycho Brahe, was arrested by the Catholic Church for heresy. His views were published in Italian as he believed that the content should be received by the educated, not the laity.
He claimed that the earth moved around the sun thus contradicting the Bible which stated that the earth did not move. He also claimed that the translations of the Bible were erroneous as it was written that the common people could understand.
Galileo was tried in the Court of Inquisition for heresy and was placed under house arrest. He was only able to publish his works in the Dutch Republic which became a haven for iconoclastic scientists and thinkers.
13. Gregorian Calendar
page 610-611
Pope Gregory XIII commissioned a group of astronomers to reform the calendar in 1582. This change came about as Easter could never be accurately calculated. Easter is supposed to fall on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox.
October 5, 1582 became October 15, 1582 as the old calendar fell behind by 10 days.
Not all countries accepted the new calendar right away. It wasn't until 1918 that Russia, under Catherine the Great, made the change to become more in tune with the west.
14. Julian Calendar
page 688
This calendar was instituted by the Council of Nicea in 325 and set year 1 as the year of the birth of Jesus. This calendar had 2 months (July and August) added to the 10 month Roman calendar. in honor of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
This is the calendar used by the Protestant countries in europe and was used by Russia as instituted by Tsar Peter I.
By 1918, this calendar had fallen behind the Gregorian calendar by 13 days.
15. Louis XIV
page 621-630
King Louis XIV brought a certain aire to France. With Louie as their king, France ushered in a somewhat magical era. Louis was an absolutionist which meant that he alone held infinite power over the government. In other words, "L'etat, c'est moi" (I am the State), and that is exactly how he put it to the high courts of Paris.
Louis also centralized the government in Paris and began construction on a new palace in Versailles. Other urban improvement projects and renovations combined with the debt from the 30 Years War and massive expansion nearly crippled the economy.
Louis raised one of the largest and effective armies of the 17th Century. He would also accompany his Officers into battle and was one of the last few rulers to do that. By the end of his reign, on in every six Frenchmen had served in the military.
16. Palace of Versailles
page 625-626
Commissioned by Louis XIV in the 1660's, the Palace of Versailles was to replace the Louvre as the primary residence of the Royal family. In 1683, Louis XIV moved in and by 1685, the palace had 36,000 workers. Thousands of troops were commandeered to divert the river to supply water to the pools and fountains.
Architect Andre' Le Notre designed the gardens around the palace. His style was imitated in St. Petersburg and Washington, D.C.
Fifteen Thousand people resided in the many apartments within the palace. These people included heads of state and military officials. Each family of the royal family had their own household as well.
17. Oliver Cromwell
page 638-643
Leader of the Puritans and member of the House of Commons, Oliver Cromwell re organized the Parliamentary Roundhead armies and defeated the Kings Cavaliers in the battle of Naseby in 1645.
Religious congregations were many and unity was scarce. All that was common was that neither wanted the other to control a congregational church government. After the beheading of Charles I on 30 JAN 1649, and the House of Lords was abolished, a Puritan republic was set up with Cromwell as the chairman of the Council of State. In 1653 he fended off a military coup and declared himself Lord Protector.
Cromwell considered himself as an agent of God. Skilled Jews were permitted to return to England for the firs time since the thirteenth century. Catholics and Anglicans were not permitted to worship in public. He successfully recaptured Scotland and captured Ireland.
Cromwell died in 1658 and was interned in Westminster Abbey. His body was exhumed in 1661 to be hanged. His head was cut off and displayed outside of Westminster Hall for over a decade.
18. Voltaire
page 698-699
Francois-Marie Arouet was one of the most influential writers of the Enlightenment period and went by the pen name, Voltaire. Arouet was born the French upper-middle class.
He wrote "Letters Concerning the English Nation" which used British virtues to attack the Catholic bigotry and rigid government in France, in which many of the chapters were dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke.
In 1738, he published "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton" in support of Newton's theories. The Church was afraid of Newton's discoveries as it glorified the human mind and seemed to make God an abstract.
19. Rousseau
page 717-718
Jean-Jaques Rousseau believed that society was a threat to God given rights and freedoms. He stated that, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains". He spent most of his life criticizing the upper-class even though it was they who funded most of his expenses.
In 1762, he wrote "The Social Contract " which became the foundations for the French revolutionaries and Karl Marx. It was also banned in Geneva and Paris. This piece stressed that the greatest good was liberty combined with equality and if there was resistance, people could be forced to be free.
Despite all of his writings about freedom and rights, he failed to preserve the freedoms and rights of individuals.
20. Catherine the Great
page 706
Born Sophia Augusta Frederika of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1729, she married Tsar Peter III in 1745. She is also known as Catherine II of Russia. The Tsar was frail in comparison to Catherine. In 1762, she staged a coup and took his place as ruler of Russia.
After she took the throne, she spent the next 15 years corresponding with Voltaire in which she learned of the ways of the west. She instituted the Charter of the Nobility of 1785 by granting large amounts of land to nobles in exchange for their subservience (a type of feudalism). She pushed for the education of of children and especially women as well as founding engineering schools.
She, along with Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Germany, decided the fate of Poland by dividing it amongst the three of them. It is rumored that she died when a horse fell on top of her.
21. Maria Theresa
page 730
She was the empress married to Francis I of Austria who had sixteen children. Her oldest son, Joseph II succeeded the throne of Austria and her youngest daughter, Maria Antonia married King Louis XVI of France.
She conceded Silesia to Prussia in order to seal the Prussians from France. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748 allowed her to become the heir to Austria when Francis I became the Holy Roman Emperor.
22. French Revolution
page
752-756
The inefficiency of the Estates General in 1789 left the commoners with little faith in the government. On 14 JUL 1789, an armed mob stormed the Bastille, and decapitated the warden (Governor) and placed his head on a pike. This event caused a domino effect across much of France as the citizens revolted against their local authorities.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen were composed as the preamble to their constitution. This document was drawn along the same philosophies as seen in Rousseau's works. However, the document failed to define the role of women and non-free men.
This was the end of the Monarchy and the beginning of the reign of terror. The National Assembly failed to control the country and political groups sprung up in record numbers. Sans-culottes and Jacobin Clubs soon became the political voice in the new republic. The Guillotine was introduced as the method of execution and was used from 1792 until 1981 when the death penalty was abolished.
23. Marie Antoinette
page 752
Maria Antonia married King Louis XVI of France and had three children.of which both sons were known as Louis. Her eldest son died in 1789 and her youngest son, Louis XVII died in prison in 1795. Her daughter, Vigee-Lebrun fled from France in 1789 and returned in 1805.
Marie was so out of touch with the commoners that when they approached her about not having enough bread, she was reported to say, "Let them eat cake".
In a failed escape in June of 1789, Marie and Louis were captured in Varennes. While being processed to her execution on 16 OCT 1793, she accidentally stepped on the foot of the executioner. Some say that she said, "Pardon me, I did not know that was your foot ".
24. Bastille
page 754
The Bastille was a fortified prison in Paris which represented the authority of the monarchy and fell to an angry mob on 14 JUL 1989. The guards surrendered and the governor of the facility was decapitated.
This single event signified the beginning of the fall of European monarchies and the onset of the French revolution.
To this day, July 14th is the day remembered in France as the national holiday equal to America's July 4th.
25. Jean Paul Marat
page 763 & 767
Deputy Jean-Paul Marat was arrested by the Girondins for his proposed violent measures in his newspaper, The Friend of the People.
Marat had constantly urged for more heads and more blood in his columns.
He was killed in July of 1793 by Charlotte Corday, who was a supporter of the Girondins. The people immediately saw Marat as a martyr and sent Corday to the guillotine.
26. Napoleon Bonaparte
page 780-
792
At age 26, he was a penniless artillery officer from Corsica. With the right Parisian connections, he was named commander of the French forces in Italy in 1796. He was the first military leader to pay his troops. Spoils of war were sent to the Directory in Paris. Many of those were paintings which are still there to this day. He was then sent to Egypt where he introduced enlightenment ideas to the natives and discovered the Rosetta Stone.
On 10 NOV 1799, when he stormed into the legislative meeting to demand changes to the Constitution of 1795, he was almost assassinated. His brother, Lucien, who was the president of the Council of Five Hundred, summoned nearby guards telling them that the Deputies attempted to kill Bonaparte. The Deputies were ejected and a rump legislative was created to abolish the Directory and establish a three man consulate.
First Consul Bonaparte crowned himself Napoleon I, Emperor of France, in 1804 after falsifying the results of the newly ratified constitution. He instituted the Napoleonic Code and strengthened the army via conscription. One of every 6 citizens served in the military which grew the French Grand Army to be the largest in the world. Many countries viewed him as an imperialistic monster. He failed to secure French interests in the new world and ended up selling the Louisiana Territory to the United States. During his reign, Italy had never been as united since the fall of the Roman Empire. Never had the world seen a military leader make an impact on the world since Alexander the Great. He established the Legion of Honor to recognize individuals who contributed to France.
Napoleon's major down fall, even after regaining control of the government after the first coup, was over extending the empire and fighting a war on two fronts. By the time he attacked Russia, his enemies had already figured out a counter to his military style. By creating small skirmishes and then retreating, Napoleon was forced to chase the opposition. The Russians destroyed everything of use and made it difficult for the French army to replenish their supplies. Napoleon's Grand Army of 600,000 was now a mere 100,000 when it arrived back in France after the retreat. With another 250,000 reinforcements, Napoleon again tried to invade Russian but was stopped by a unified Prussian, German, Belgian, Dutch and British force led by Sir Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington. Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and died six years later in exile on the small island of St. Helena at age 52.
27. Simon Bolivar
page 822
He was the son of a slave owner and a student of Voltaire and Rousseau. He saw himself as the Napoleon of Latin America and dreamed of uniting the various states in Latin America.
Because of the Napoleonic wars across the Atlantic, colonies from Mexico to Argentina were able to revolt with little resistance. From 1804 through 1828, Haiti, Brazil and all of the Spanish colonies (except Cuba) had instituted a new republic. U.S. President James Monroe instituted his "Monroe Doctrine" effectively recognizing the new republics and closing the Americas to European intervention based on Britain's neutrality.
From 1821 through 1823, Bolivar attempted to unite the new republics but died of tuberculosis as none of the countries could find a common ground.
28. The Communist Manifesto
page 855 & 856
This masterpiece written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 became the foundation of modern Communism. The goal was as follows, "the downfall of the bourgeoisie and the ascendancy of the proletariat, the abolition of the old society based on class conflicts and the foundation of a new society without classes and without private property."
Marx and Engels felt that the capitalistic bourgeoisie abused and exploited the blue collar proletariat. They felt that by making a personal property communal, that there would no longer be a social class distinction. However this could only work in a utopia as described by Thomas More in 1516.
Inevitably, Communism failed years later with the collapse of the "Iron Curtain" a century and a half later.
29. Irish Potato Famine
page 859
In 1845, crop failures across Europe caused the price of food to skyrocket. In 1846, an airborne blight destroyed the potato crop in Ireland. This happened again in 1848 and 1851.
Potatoes were the staple crop in Ireland as one acre could feed a family of four opposed to two acres of grain. Irish peasants commonly had large families for security and agricultural purposes as the children were required to tend to the crop and care for them later on.
As the potato blight took it's toll, entire families were sometimes found dead in their homes from starvation and disease. Corpses lined the roadsides and by the end of the famine, about one-eighth of the population of eight million had died. Many sought a better life in America, England and Canada which would account for the large numbers of Irish immigrants to the United States in the late 1940's.
30. Bismarck
page 883-887
Prussian minister-president, Otto von Bismarck, is credited as the mastermind of the unification of Germany. King William I appointed Bismarck as prime minister in 1862 with the hopes that he would crush the liberals in the Prussian Parliament.
Bismarck, William and the Prussian elite, rejected the Western model of government. Bismarck believed that Europe would answer to it's military strength , not diplomacy.
In 1864 Bismarck led the Prussian in a war against Denmark which was the beginning of a series of wars for unification. Austria found themselves as the target of Bismarck unification in 1866, and France was the target in 1870. Bismarck also used the media to stir local support for his wars and was eventually successful in uniting Germany in January 1871. Bismarck was appointed chancellor of the first Reich by Kaiser William I.
31. Rasputin
page 1015
Holy man and charlatan, Grigori Rasputin claimed to have cured the Son of Tsar Nicolas II from hemophilia. Nicholas and his wife, Alexandra believed Rasputin and allowed themselves to be puppeted by the sorcerer.
Rasputin is the reason the Romanov dynasty fell after three hundred years.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and the Bolsheviks returned to Russia lead the revolution in early 1917 just after Nicholas was forced to abdicate the throne.
32. Picasso
page 972-973
Painter Pablo Picasso, aimed to replace middle class sentimentality in art with an anarchistic view of industrial society. In 1912, Picasso and Georges Braque devised a new type of collage using string, newspaper and other artifacts.
Artists across Europe criticized the growing popularity which determined official purchases of art in general.
To this day, Picasso's paintings clutter the top five most expensive paintings in so far as price goes.
33. Marie Curie
page 971
Click here for more info.
34. Assassination in Sarajevo
page 997
Heir to the Austrian-Hugarian monarchy, Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were gunned down by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip in the second assassination attempt on 28 JUN 1914. Unlike other royalty of the time, Ferdinand and Sophia married for love and was not a prearranged marriage. Also, Sophie was a civilian and traveled with Ferdinand wherever he went.
Habsburg Germany saw the assassination as an attempt to wipe out the Serbians and promised Austria that they would have German support in the event of war. The Austrians handed down an ultimatum to the Serbian government stating that they publicly denounce terrorism, suppress terrorist cells, and allow Austrian inspectors to assist in the investigation of the assassination. Serbia did all but allow Austrian participation.
This assassination is believed to be the leading cause for the outbreak of World War I.
35. Bolshevik Revolution
page 976, 1016, 1059
The Bolshevik party and their leader, V. I. Lenin, were exiled from russia in 1905 for their socialistic views. In April of 1917, Germany provided the safe transport of Lenin and other Bolshevik party leaders in an effort to further destabilize Russia.
Lenin demanded in his,"April Theses", that Russia pull out of the war, allow the soviets seize power on behalf of the worker and peasant, and all private land be nationalized. Some of the rallying slogans were "All power to the soviets" and "Peace, land and bread".
Constant failure to make reform by the provisional government, weak leadership from prime minister Aleksandr Kerensky, and General Lavr Kornilov's failure to end the war resulted in the Bolshevik's seizing the power on behalf of the soviets in November of 1917. When the January elections came in 1918, the Bolsheviks were not given a plurality by the assembly. The Bolsheviks used military troops to disrupt the assembly and took the government by force. Local governments who opposed the Bolsheviks were shut down, factories nationalized, and private land revoked. Peace with Germany resulted in large amounts of land be occupied by Germans The capital, Petrograd, was now too close to the German border, so, it was moved to Moscow. The party officially called themselves Communists in honor of Marx to distinguish themselves from the socialists and social democrats.
36. Fascism
page 1041-1043
Supporters of Benito Mussolini, known as Fascists, felt that Parliament was responsible for their problems. In 1922, they started a march on Rome which forced King Emmanuel III to make Mussolini the prime Minister. The Roman symbol, fasces, became the emblem of the Fascists representing unity and force. The Fascist regime opposed the anti-national socialist movement and parliamentary rule.
The army of Fascist, the Black Shirts, often forced castor oil down the throats of socialists and often murdered their opponents. The sight of the Black Shirts often instilled fear in the commoners. They also gave the Italians a feeling that the Fascists were the only group to spark the economy when others could not. Wealthy landowners and businessmen often funded the Black Shirts to attack strikers and thus allowed Mussolini to hire the unemployed.
Mussolini used the media to propagate his agenda stressing unity can only be achieved by a strong military presence.
37. The Great Depression
page 1050-1055
The crash of the stock market in the United States and economic decline around the world, caused millions to become unemployed. As commerce and industry fell, so did social life and the birth rate.
Although the world was in a financial slump, modernization still continued. New roads were laid, utilities such as electric, water and sewage were installed in homes for the first time. Appliances and automobiles were still rolling off of the assembly lines.
The decline of the birthrate and the gender role reversal threatened the male ego. It was belied that "superior" were no breeding and blamed other "inferior" races for over breeding to take their place. Others blamed the Jewish bankers and civil servants for bank foreclosures, new taxes and inadequate relief programs. Anti-semitism grew as racial tensions, economic misery and population issues mounted. China, Japan and India, however, experienced much economic growth and an increase in population during this period as well as Africa and Latin America.
38. Joseph Stalin
page 1055-1060
In 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power after Lenin's death. Lenin's will stated that the "comrades find a way to remove Stalin", however, that will was never made public. That same year, Stalin formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and removed anyone who opposed him. By 1929, he had complete control over the USSR.
Stalin presented a five year plan to transform the economy to compete with the other industrial powers. His mission was to increase the outputs of coal, iron ore, steel and industrial goods. Central economic planning allowed the USSR to maximize their resources by regulating the ratio of workers in the industrial, construction, and transport industries.
Stalin's goal was to create a Communist utopia which led to an illiterate peasant society. Soviet workers endured the harsh working conditions as the Communistic ideal was based on constant struggle. The New Economic Policy (NEP) called for increased food production to feed the urban workforce. Private farming was outlawed. Kulaks were evicted and their farms turned into a collective agricultural facility.
39. Mussolini
page 1041-1043, 1056-1057
Leader of the Black Shirts, and supported by Fascists, he forced King Emmanuel III to declare him the prime minister in 1922. Mussolini proposed a law that would allow the party with the majority vote to seat 75% of the delegates to the parliament. This "Totalitarian" policy was enforced by force. Any who opposed would be beaten to death.
The Fascists embraced this idea feeling that it would allow them to stamp out any effeminate principals of thought, rights and freedom.
Uniformed political thoughts were fed to the masses via the media. Censorship ran rampant and many believed that advanced technology and communications were the only way to mold individual thought.
40. Nazism
page 1060-1109
3rd Reich
Adolf Hitler
WW II
41. Auschwitz
page 1049, 1080
Anti-semitism
Concentration Camps
Discovery
42. Blitzkrieg
page 1077
On 01 SEP 1939, Germany invaded Poland in a swift concentrated effort to surround Warsaw. On 17 SEP 1939, Russia invaded Poland from the east and within one month, the Polish army was destroyed.
German tactics called for a quick offensive known as a Blitzkrieg or, lightning war. This same strategy was used by Napolean less than 150 years before.
By 22 JUN 1940, Hitler's 3rd Reich had demolished the defenses of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Norway and France. Hitler failed to finish the onslaught by allowing the remaining resistance to escape to Britan via the port of Dunkirk.
43. Attack on Pearl Harbor
page 1079
At 0800 on 07 DEC 1941, Japanese kamakazi pilots attacked Pearl Harbor without declaring war on the United States. At 1400, the Japanese government ceased all communications with the United States realizing thet the time differnce was off by one hour. Japanese Admiral Yamamoto is recounted as saying, "I fear all we have done is awakened a sleeping dragon and filled it with a terrible resolve". Admiral William F. Halsey was the commander of the Enterprise carrier group and upon return to the harbor, decided to make a counter attack on the Japanse carrier force and said, "The Japanese language will only be spoken in Hell". On 08 DEC 1941, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed Congress with the famous words, "this is a day that shall live in infamy", and subsequently requested that war be declared on Japan.
Admiral H. E. Kimmel was relieved of the Pacific Command for incompetance and was permantly replaced by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.
The same sentiments felt by the American people in the days that followed were seen again in the days following 11 SEP 2001.
44. Sigmund Freud
page 967-970
Id
Ego
Super ego
45. Invasion of Normandy
page 1086
General Patton
Sir
qwerty
46. Hiroshima & Nagasaki
page 1088-1090
Little boy
Fat boy
Nuclear
47. The Cold War
page 1098-1112
USSR
USA
Fall
48. Mikhail Gorbachev
page 1174-1175
Spot on head
USSR
Peace
49. The Viet Nam War
page 1158, 1163, 1166
North
South
Evacuation
50. Six Day War
page 1167
On 05 JUN 1967, Israeli forces siezed Gaza and the Sinai peninsula from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria and the West Bank from Jordan as a direct response to Palestinian guerrilla attacks. By 11 JUN 1967, Israel controlled all lands east of the Suez canal to the Dead sea, the entire Sinai penninsulaand the Golan Heights.
In an attempt to redeem themselves, the Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur in 1973. With backing from the United States, the Israelis were able to thwart the attack. The humiliation suffered by the Arabs resulted in the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC). Oil prices quadrupled and the West was facing an ecconomic decline as a result.
Land was eventually given back to Egypt, but not after Israel had developed the Sinai penninsua into a tourist attraction.
51. Berlin Wall
page 1177-1178
After World War II, the German city of Berlin was divided by the Allied powers with the provision that the Western nations could supply the western part of the city. East Berlin remained part of Communist East Germany, while West Berlin was given to West Germany. In an effort to force the Western powers to abandon Berlin in June of 1948, the Soviets declared that all land and water routes needed to be closed. By 26 JUN 1948, the United States began air lifting supplies into West Berlin to supply its 2.5 million inhabtans who were cut off from the rest of the world. By September of the same year, it was recorded that a plane landed every three minutes which supplied the 9 million pounds of food required daily for survival. The Soviets attempted to sabotage the opperation by allowing balloons, fighters and other traffic to interfere with Western flight routes. They even went as far as jamming all radio communications over East Germany. Land routes were reopened on 12 MAY 1949, however, the airlift continued until 30 SEP 1949.
In the summer of 1961, Nikita Khrushchev ordered that a huge wall be constructed around the city of West Berlin. All interaction with the western part of the city ceased. People woke up the next day to find themselves unable to go to work or, even worse, go home or visit family.
In 1987, President Ronald Reagan charged Mikhail Gorbachev to "Tear down this wall". After Gorbachev's visit to East Berlin on 09 NOV 1989, traffic through the wall went uninterrupted. The bordger guards at all gates could not handle the volume and simply just stopped checking documents. Some of them just went home or into the city with everone else. On 21 JUL 1990, Roger Waters performed "The Wall" while people banged away at it with sledge hammers. The Berlin Wall removal was completed in the fall of 1990.
