Keywords
| Chapter 15 - The Struggle for Reformation, Europe (1500-1560) | ||
| Anabaptist | A member of the 16th century reformation group who believed that to attain salvation one must be re-baptized. They would then become "saintly". Many women anabaptists were drowned for their faith. |
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| Christian Humanists | ||
| Evangelicals | ||
| indulgence | ||
| infidel | ||
| parish | ||
| predestination | ||
| Protestants | ||
| Vulgate | ||
| Chapter 16 - A Century of Crisis (1560-1648) | ||
| baroque | In the early 17th and 18th centuries, art, architecture and music flourished. These were referred to as baroque. Typically described as being ornamentally extravagant, complex, or bizarre in nature. | |
| heliocentrism |
First mention of heiocentrism was by Nicolai Copernicus in the early 16th century. This theory was later proven by Galileo Galilei, depicting that the planets revolve around the sun with the use of a telescope ant the discovery of the moons around Jupiter. Prior to these theories, it was believed that the universe revolved around the earth. | |
| Huguenot | In 16th and 17th century France, Protestants ,Calvinists in particular, were also referred to as Huguenots. Calvinist followed the doctrines of John Calvin where he states that salvation can only be through God's grace alone. These followers were not in union with the Holy See. | |
| mannerism |
Seen in the mid to late 16th century, this artistic style utilized the distortion of scale and perspective. Michelangelo Buonarroti is one of the better known painters of this time period. An example, Creation of Adam, can be seen in the Sistine Chapel and is one of the most popular pieces of this period. | |
| Moriscos | These Spanish people were converted Moors of Ismaic-Turkish descent. King Philip of Spain found it a challenge to keep control over the Moriscos. They were not trusted by Christians and their loyalty to Spain was in question. These led to rebellions and revolts in the early 16th century | |
| politiques | A French term meaning the art of getting along. | |
| Puritans | English protestants in the early 16th and 17th centuries who believed that pleasure and luxuries were sinful. They advocated strict religious discipline and adhered to the precepts of the Church of England. Some of these believers departed England for the New World. | |
| raison d'etat | A French term meaning the justification to over rule the power of the state. It is a justification the the needs of the many out weight the needs of the few. Often this process had no regard to the law or ethics. | |
| scientific method | A process of investigation used by the scientific community. It consisted of the forming of a hypothesis, developing a procedure, proving (or disproving) the theory through experimental proofs, and then rendering a conclusive summary as the the observations. This practice is the foundation of all scientific projects in some form or another. | |
| secularization | This is the transfer of power or property from a religious ownership to a local government entity. This is one of the many causes for the break up of the Holy Roman Empire. Even today, there is a separation of Church and state. | |
| tithe | A tenth of one's earnings intended as an offering to the Church. These were customary and expected by the clergy. Many saw this as a "tax" and did not agree with the practice. | |
| Chapter 17 - State Building and the Search for Order (1648-1690) | ||
| absolutism | A belief that all power should be vested in the one person or entity. | |
| classicism | A movement in the 17th and 18th centuries of Europe pertaining to literature. These foundations favored Greek and Roman art and literary works. They are also based on simplicity, restraint, rationality and form. | |
| constitutionalism | A distributed form of government which adheres to a written constitution. Laws are set up and must be obeyed. | |
| Fronde | A French political party who opposed King Louis XIV and the power of the monarchy. These nobles were fed up with the financial burdens left upon them by the Holy Roman Empire and Parliament. | |
| Glorious Revolution | The revolution against James II of England. This is also known as the Bloodless Revolution. William III and Mary II ascended the throne England as a result of the coup. | |
| law of universal gravitation | Sir Isaac Newton states that any two given celestial objects, at any given distance will attract each other with a force. This is shown by the equation, Force equals Gravity times the product of the two masses divided by the square of the distance between them. This theory is applied to explain elliptical orbit, tides and other celestial objects in motion. | |
| Levellers | A radical political movement which began in Parliamentary England in the mid 17th century who lobbied for equality. | |
| mercantilism | A system of economy designed to regulate national and international commerce through the use of taxation, trade, colonization, and military force. | |
| Old Believers | Schism in the Russian Orthodox Church who's participants disputed reforms made by the Patriarch Nikon. This was all due to the potential unification of the Russian and Greek rites. The church members did not understand the particulars and thus revolted. | |
| parliaments | The English governing body which consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. This was the supreme legislative power which overruled the monarchs. | |
| social contract | An agreement between two factions in which freedom is exchanged for protection. This agreement is detailed in the definition of rights and duties of each faction. | |
| Chapter 18 - | ||
| agricultural revolution | ||
| Atlantic System | ||
| buccaneers | ||
| consumer revolution | ||
| Enlightenment | ||
| Jacobitism | ||
| mestizo | ||
| Pietism | ||
| plantation | ||
| rococo | ||
| Westernization | ||
| Chapter 19 - | ||
| abolitionists | ||
| atheist | ||
| deist | ||
| enlightened despots (or enlightened absolutionists) |
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| Freemasons | ||
| Hasidim | ||
| industrialization | ||
| laissez-faire | ||
| Methodism | ||
| philosophes | ||
| romanticism | ||
| salons | ||
